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Board exam practice paper
CBSE · Class 10 · Social Science (087)

Social Science: Board Exam Practice Paper

Time allowed: 3 hours · Maximum marks: 80 · AW-10SS-BP-70087

Name: Date: Score: ____ / 80
  1. This paper has 38 questions. All questions are compulsory.
  2. It is in four sections of 20 marks each: A History, B Geography, C Political Science and D Economics.
  3. Multiple-choice and assertion–reason questions carry 1 mark each.
  4. Very short answer questions carry 2 marks each. Answers should not exceed 40 words.
  5. Short answer questions carry 3 marks each. Answers should not exceed 60 words.
  6. Long answer questions carry 5 marks each. Answers should not exceed 120 words.
  7. Case-based questions carry 4 marks each, with sub-parts of 1, 1 and 2 marks. Answers should not exceed 100 words.
  8. The map questions carry 5 marks: question 9 in History (2 marks) and question 19 in Geography (3 marks). Answer them on a political outline map of India.
  9. Some questions have an internal choice (marked OR): answer only one of them.
Section A: History (20 marks)
1.
[1]Johann Gottfried Herder is known for:
  1. hosting the Congress of Vienna (1815)
  2. founding Young Italy and Young Europe
  3. the idea of das volk
  4. prints of a world of democratic and social republics (1848)
2.
[1]The Rowlatt Act of 1919 allowed political prisoners to be held without trial for:
  1. ten years
  2. two months
  3. six months
  4. two years
3.
[1]The East India Company’s paid servant who supervised weavers was the:
  1. jobber
  2. gomastha
  3. fuller
  4. stapler
4.
[1]The earliest hand printing developed in China, Japan and:
  1. India
  2. Italy
  3. Korea
  4. Germany
5.
[2]What was ukiyo? Name the Japanese artist best known for it.
6.
[3]Apart from making salt, how did people in the villages and forests take part in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain three points.
OR
[3]How did people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain three points.
7.
[5]Explain how the expansion of colonial rule in the late nineteenth century shaped the world economy. Give five points.
OR
[5]Compare the Non-Cooperation Movement with the Civil Disobedience Movement. Give five points.
8.
Amritsar, April 1919
Protests against the Rowlatt Act spread through many towns in the spring of 1919, with strikes and shutdowns. In Amritsar, local leaders were picked up by the police, and on 10 April the police fired on a peaceful procession, after which banks, post offices and railway stations were attacked. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. On 13 April a large crowd gathered in the walled ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some had come to protest; many others had come from nearby villages for a fair and did not know about the martial law. Dyer blocked the exits and ordered his men to fire, killing hundreds. He later said he wanted to produce a “moral effect”. As news spread, crowds came out in many north Indian towns, and the government answered with brutal repression.
(i)
[1]Who was in command of the troops at Jallianwala Bagh?
(ii)
[1]What did General Dyer say was the aim of his action?
(iii)
[2]How did people react to the incident, and how did the government respond? Explain one point each.
9.
[2]On a political outline map of India, locate and label the following: (a) The city where the Indian National Congress held its session in December 1920. (b) The city where Gandhiji organised a satyagraha of cotton mill workers in 1918.
Section B: Geography (20 marks)
10.
[1]Which of these causes land degradation?
  1. contour ploughing
  2. industrial effluents
  3. shelter belts
  4. strip cropping
11.
[1]The Bishnois are known for:
  1. declaring their own sanctuary
  2. involving villagers in restoring degraded forests
  3. protecting blackbuck, nilgai and peacocks
  4. resisting deforestation in the Himalayas
12.
[1]Where is coffee mainly grown?
  1. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
  2. Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
  3. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam and Odisha
  4. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
13.
[1]Which describes peat?
  1. low carbon and high moisture
  2. a placer mineral
  3. the most popular commercial coal
  4. low-grade brown coal
14.
[1]NW-2 runs along:
  1. the Brahmani and Mahanadi delta with canals
  2. the Brahmaputra from Sadiya to Dhubri
  3. the West Coast Canal in Kerala
  4. the Godavari–Krishna stretch with canals
15.
[1]Assertion (A): The monazite sands of Kerala are an important resource for nuclear power.
Reason (R): Monazite sands are rich in thorium, which can be used to generate nuclear energy.
Choose the correct option.
  1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  3. A is true, but R is false.
  4. A is false, but R is true.
16.
[2]Distinguish between rabi and kharif crops, giving two examples of each.
17.
[5]The groundwater level in a fast-growing city has fallen sharply, and residents now buy water from tankers. Suggest five measures the city and its people could take.
OR
[5]Farmers in a hill district lose their topsoil to rainwater rushing down the slopes, while farmers in a desert district find their fields buried under wind-blown sand. Suggest suitable methods of soil conservation for each district, and explain how each method works.
18.
A city that writes software
The information technology and electronics industry makes a wide range of goods and services, from television sets and telephones to computers and software. Bengaluru has grown into the electronic capital of India. Other major centres include Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. Software technology parks give experts a single place with high-speed data links and other services. The industry has created a very large number of jobs, and many of them are held by women. Its business process outsourcing services earn the country a great deal of foreign exchange.
(i)
[1]Which city is known as the electronic capital of India?
(ii)
[1]Name any two other centres of the electronics industry mentioned in the passage.
(iii)
[2]Explain two ways in which the IT industry helps the Indian economy.
19.
[3]On a political outline map of India, locate and label the following with suitable symbols:
(a) The dam on the Narmada in Gujarat that is one of India’s largest water resource projects
(b) Kakrapar nuclear power plant
(c) Surat cotton textile centre
Section C: Political Science (20 marks)
20.
[1]Assertion (A): A democratic government is more likely to be legitimate than a non-democratic one.
Reason (R): Democratic governments always take decisions faster than non-democratic ones.
Choose the correct option.
  1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  3. A is true, but R is false.
  4. A is false, but R is true.
21.
[1]Which of these subjects is on the Concurrent List?
  1. communications
  2. police
  3. education
  4. defence
22.
[1]A system that values men more and gives them power over women is:
  1. federalism
  2. patriarchy
  3. feminism
  4. decentralisation
23.
[1]According to the book, China has a:
  1. no-party system
  2. one-party system
  3. two-party system
  4. federal system
24.
[2]What is meant by the sexual division of labour? Give one example.
25.
[2]Why did the French-speaking community of Belgium accept equal representation in Brussels, where it was in a majority?
26.
[3]Why do voters often feel they have no meaningful choice among political parties? Explain three points.
27.
[5]Why has India adopted a multiparty system? Explain how coalitions and alliances work within it.
OR
[5]Explain five ways in which Indian society remains unequal for women, despite improvements since independence.
28.
A town without parties
Imagine a town council election in which no parties are allowed. Forty candidates stand, each on a separate promise: one wants a new bus stop, another a cleaner market, a third lower water charges. Once elected, the councillors argue for months. No one has promised a plan for the whole town, so nobody can be blamed when the budget goes wrong. The councillors who lost the election have no shared voice either, and nobody organises the questioning of those in charge. Visitors from a nearby town, where parties compete, notice that there the losing side keeps a close eye on the council and voters know whom to hold responsible.
(i)
[1]What is a political party?
(ii)
[1]Which function is performed by parties that lose an election and criticise the government?
(iii)
[2]Explain two problems that the town in the passage faces because it has no political parties.
Section D: Economics (20 marks)
29.
[1]In the book’s table (Human Development Report 2025), Pakistan is ranked 168 and Nepal 145. Which country ranks higher in human development?
  1. Pakistan
  2. Neither is ranked
  3. Both rank the same
  4. Nepal
30.
[1]What is meant by “intermediate goods”?
  1. assets owned by the government
  2. assets owned by individuals or companies
  3. more workers than needed on a job
  4. goods used up in making final goods
31.
[1]The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year is its:
  1. GDP
  2. GVA only
  3. per capita income
  4. HDI
32.
[1]Which of these is an example of formal credit?
  1. a loan from a moneylender
  2. credit from a trader
  3. a loan from a regional rural bank
  4. a loan from an employer
33.
[1]What is meant by “foreign investment”?
  1. investment made by MNCs
  2. a company producing in more than one country
  3. a government restriction on trade
  4. a limit on the number of goods imported
34.
[1]Assertion (A): Free trade between two countries tends to bring the prices of similar goods in their markets closer together.
Reason (R): Foreign trade connects the markets of different countries, so producers in both countries compete closely for the same buyers.
Choose the correct option.
  1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  3. A is true, but R is false.
  4. A is false, but R is true.
35.
[3](a) What is meant by credit? (b) Give two examples of everyday credit arrangements, naming the lender and the borrower in each.
36.
[3]Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources on three points, with an example of each.
37.
[3](a) Name the two modern forms of money. (b) Explain why the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange, although a currency note has little value as paper.
38.
[5]Arif, a furniture maker, took a bank loan to buy wood for a large wedding-season order. He finished the order on time, repaid the loan and made a good profit. Gita, a farmer, borrowed from a moneylender at a high interest rate; her crop failed and she could not repay, so she borrowed again to repay the first loan. (i) In which case did credit help the borrower? (ii) Explain two reasons why credit helped in that case. (iii) Explain two reasons why the other borrower fell into difficulty.
OR
[5]Two students compare development indicators of three states of an imaginary country. Table: State P — per capita income ₹110,000 a year, infant mortality rate 9 per 1,000 live births, literacy rate 97%, net attendance ratio 95%; State Q — per capita income ₹225,000 a year, infant mortality rate 31 per 1,000 live births, literacy rate 62%, net attendance ratio 67%; State R — per capita income ₹145,000 a year, infant mortality rate 37 per 1,000 live births, literacy rate 84%, net attendance ratio 75%. (i) Which state has the highest per capita income, and by how much does it exceed the lowest? (ii) Which state is likely to have the best human development? Give two reasons from the table. (iii) Suggest two steps State Q should take to improve the well-being of its people.
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Marking scheme
CBSE · Class 10 · Social Science (087)

Marking scheme

Social Science: Board Exam Practice Paper · AW-10SS-BP-70087 · For the parent or teacher: award the marks shown for each step, even when the final answer is wrong.

QAnswer and marks for each stepMarks
Section A: History (20 marks)
1(c) the idea of das volk1
2(d) two years1
3(b) gomastha1
4(c) Korea1
5
  1. Ukiyo, “pictures of the floating world”, was an art form showing ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones. (1)
  2. Kitagawa Utamaro, born in Edo in 1753, was widely known for his contributions to it. (1)
Also accept: these prints travelled to the US and Europe and influenced artists such as Manet, Monet and Van Gogh.
2
6
  1. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. (1)
  2. Village officials resigned from their posts. (1)
  3. In many places forest people violated forest laws, going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze their cattle. (1)
Also accept: in some areas people also boycotted foreign cloth and picketed liquor shops.
3
6 OR
  1. At first many welcomed the French armies: in places such as Holland, Switzerland, Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw they were seen as bringers of liberty. (1)
  2. The enthusiasm soon gave way to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not come with political freedom. (1)
  3. Higher taxes, censorship and forced conscription into the French armies seemed to outweigh the advantages of the new order. (1)
3
7
  1. Trade flourished and markets expanded, but for many people in the colonies a closer link with the world economy meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. (1)
  2. European conquests of the late nineteenth century brought painful economic, social and ecological changes, through which colonised societies were drawn into the world economy. (1)
  3. Britain and France made vast additions to their overseas territories, Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers, and in the late 1890s the United States also became a colonial power by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain. (1)
  4. Colonies were reshaped to produce for the world market: in India the colonial government built a network of irrigation canals to turn semi-desert wastes in Punjab into fertile land, the canal colonies, to grow wheat and cotton for export. (1)
  5. Africa, with its vast land and mineral wealth, was carved up by the European powers at Berlin in 1885 to set up plantations and mines producing crops and minerals for Europe. (1)
Also accept: the canal colonies were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab.
5
7 OR
  1. In the Non-Cooperation Movement (1921–22) people were asked to refuse cooperation with the British; in the Civil Disobedience Movement (from 1930) they were asked not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws. (1)
  2. The Non-Cooperation Movement began with the surrender of titles and the boycott of government schools, courts, councils and foreign goods; the Civil Disobedience Movement began with the breaking of the salt law at Dandi. (1)
  3. The Non-Cooperation Movement drew in the urban middle classes, the peasants of Awadh, tribal peasants and plantation workers; in the Civil Disobedience Movement rich peasants, business groups and women took part in large numbers. (1)
  4. The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off in February 1922 after the violence at Chauri Chaura; the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended with the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 1931, relaunched after the Round Table Conference failed, and had lost its force by 1934. (1)
  5. Both were led by Gandhiji, were based on non-violent satyagraha, and used the boycott of foreign cloth as a weapon. (1)
5
8 (i)
  1. General Dyer. (1)
1
8 (ii)
  1. To produce a “moral effect”: to create fear and awe in the minds of satyagrahis. (1)
1
8 (iii)
  1. People came out on the streets in many towns of north India: there were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. (1)
  2. The government responded with brutal repression, humiliating and terrorising people; satyagrahis were made to rub their noses on the ground and crawl on the streets. (1)
Also accept: Gandhiji called off the Rowlatt satyagraha as the violence spread.
2
9(a) Nagpur, in Maharashtra (b) Ahmedabad, in Gujarat
  1. (a) Nagpur (Maharashtra) correctly located and labelled (1)
  2. (b) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) correctly located and labelled (1)
2
Section B: Geography (20 marks)
10(b) industrial effluents1
11(c) protecting blackbuck, nilgai and peacocks1
12(a) Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu1
13(a) low carbon and high moisture1
14(b) the Brahmaputra from Sadiya to Dhubri1
15(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both are true, and R explains A: thorium, like uranium, is used to generate atomic power, and the monazite sands contain it.
1
16Rabi crops are sown in winter (October to December) and harvested in summer (April to June), e.g. wheat and mustard. Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the monsoon and harvested in September–October, e.g. rice (paddy) and cotton. Also accept: rabi: barley, peas, gram; kharif: maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, jute, groundnut, soyabean.
  1. Rabi: sowing and harvest seasons with two examples — 1 mark (1)
  2. Kharif: sowing and harvest seasons with two examples — 1 mark (1)
2
17(1) Make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory for all buildings, as Tamil Nadu has done. (2) Build recharge pits and protect the city’s lakes and ponds so that rainwater soaks into the ground. (3) Treat sewage and reuse the water for gardens, construction and industry. (4) Control the digging of new borewells and the over-pumping of groundwater. (5) Reduce waste at home: fix leaking taps and pipes, and use water-saving fittings. Also accept: stopping industries from releasing untreated effluents; metering water supply; public awareness campaigns.
  1. Compulsory rooftop rainwater harvesting — 1 mark (1)
  2. Recharge pits or protection of water bodies — 1 mark (1)
  3. Treating and reusing wastewater — 1 mark (1)
  4. Regulating borewells and groundwater pumping — 1 mark (1)
  5. Saving water at home — 1 mark (1)
5
17 ORHill district: (1) Contour ploughing — ploughing along the contour lines slows the water running down the slope. (2) Terrace farming — cutting steps on the slope makes flat strips that stop the water from gaining speed. (3) Plugging gullies — blocking gullies stops them from growing deeper. Desert district: (4) Shelter belts — rows of trees planted across the wind break its force and stop sand from drifting. (5) Strip cropping — strips of grass left between crops break the wind and hold the soil. Also accept: stabilising sand dunes with plants in the desert; afforestation and controlled grazing in either district.
  1. Contour ploughing for the hill district, with how it slows running water — 1 mark (1)
  2. Terrace farming for the hill district, with how steps check erosion — 1 mark (1)
  3. A third method for the hills (plugging gullies or planting vegetation) explained — 1 mark (1)
  4. Shelter belts for the desert district, with how they break the wind — 1 mark (1)
  5. Strip cropping for the desert district, with how it holds the soil — 1 mark (1)
5
18 (i)
  1. Bengaluru (1)
1
18 (ii)Hyderabad and Pune. Also accept: Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow or Coimbatore.
  1. Any two of the centres named in the passage (1)
1
18 (iii)It provides employment to a very large number of people, including many women. It earns foreign exchange through business process outsourcing and software exports.
  1. Employment, including for women — 1 mark (1)
  2. Foreign exchange from outsourcing and software services — 1 mark (1)
2
19(a) Sardar Sarovar Dam — Gujarat, on the Narmada near Kevadia (Narmada district), close to the Madhya Pradesh–Maharashtra border. (b) Kakrapar — Gujarat, near Surat on the Tapi river, in the south of the state. (c) Surat — Gujarat, at the mouth of the Tapi on the Gulf of Khambhat.
  1. (a) The dam on the Narmada in Gujarat that is one of India’s largest water resource projects correctly located and labelled — 1 mark (1)
  2. (b) Kakrapar nuclear power plant correctly located and labelled — 1 mark (1)
  3. (c) Surat cotton textile centre correctly located and labelled — 1 mark (1)
3
Section C: Political Science (20 marks)
20(c) A is true, but R is false.
A is true. R is false. Democratic decisions usually take longer because they involve deliberation and negotiation.
1
21(c) education1
22(b) patriarchy1
23(b) one-party system1
24It is a system in which all work inside the home is done or organised by women, while men are expected to work outside. For example, cooking and caring for children at home are treated as women’s work, though when such work is paid, men often do it, as most tailors and hotel cooks are men. Also accept: any correct example of housework treated as women’s work.
  1. Meaning: housework by women, outside work by men (1)
  2. Any one suitable example (1)
2
25Because the Dutch-speaking community, which was the majority in the country as a whole, had accepted equal representation in the central government. Each side gave up an advantage where it was strong, so that both could be accommodated. Also accept: it was part of a give-and-take that kept the country together.
  1. Dutch speakers had accepted equal representation at the Centre (1)
  2. Mutual give-and-take / accommodation of both communities (1)
2
26(1) In recent years the ideological differences among parties have declined in most parts of the world. (2) Parties agree on fundamental aspects and differ only on details of how policies are to be framed and implemented, so those who want really different policies have no option. (3) Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another. Also accept: this weakens the value of elections for voters.
  1. Decline in ideological differences (1)
  2. Differences only in details; no option for really different policies (1)
  3. Same leaders shift between parties (1)
3
27(1) India is a large country with great social and geographical diversity, which two or three parties cannot easily represent. (2) A multiparty system lets a wide variety of interests and opinions enjoy political representation. (3) Because many parties compete, often no single party wins a majority, so several parties join to form a coalition government. (4) Parties may also form an alliance or front before an election, contesting together and sharing power if they win. (5) Such a system can look messy and sometimes leads to instability, but it gives regional interests a voice; State parties have taken part in national coalition governments, which has strengthened federalism. Also accept: no party system is ideal for all countries; it evolves from a society’s nature.
  1. Diversity of the country (1)
  2. Representation of many interests (1)
  3. Coalition governments when no party has a majority (1)
  4. Alliances or fronts formed to contest elections (1)
  5. Drawback of instability / benefit for regional voices (1)
5
27 OR(1) Women are fewer among those who complete higher education, as parents often prefer to spend on sons. (2) Women are a small share of the highest-paid and most valued jobs. (3) Despite the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, women are often paid less than men for the same work. (4) Much of women’s work is unpaid household work, and on average a woman works about an hour more a day than a man. (5) The preference for sons has lowered the child sex ratio to 919 girls per 1,000 boys in Census 2011. Also accept: harassment and lack of safety in public places and at home; low representation in legislatures.
  1. Education gap (1)
  2. Few women in high-paid jobs (1)
  3. Unequal pay despite the 1976 Act (1)
  4. Unpaid work; longer working day (1)
  5. Low child sex ratio / safety / any other valid point (1)
5
28 (i)A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in government, agreeing on some policies for the good of society.
  1. Correct meaning: a group contesting elections to hold power, with agreed policies (1)
1
28 (ii)Playing the role of opposition.
  1. Correct function: opposition (1)
1
28 (iii)(1) No one offers a common programme for the whole town, so there is no clear policy and no one is responsible when things go wrong. (2) There is no organised opposition to question and check those in charge. Also accept: decisions are slow and the council is unstable.
  1. No common policy / no one responsible (1)
  2. No organised opposition / unstable council (1)
2
Section D: Economics (20 marks)
29(d) Nepal
a smaller rank number is better
1
30(d) goods used up in making final goods1
31(a) GDP1
32(c) a loan from a regional rural bank1
33(a) investment made by MNCs1
34(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
A is true: buyers can choose between domestic and imported goods, so sellers in both countries compete. R is true and explains A.
1
35(a) Credit (a loan) is an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment. (b) A wholesaler supplies goods to a shopkeeper, who pays after selling them: the wholesaler is the lender and the shopkeeper the borrower. A bank gives a farmer a crop loan to be repaid after harvest: the bank is the lender and the farmer the borrower. Also accept: a large trader giving an advance payment to a small manufacturer; a moneylender lending to a labourer; a family taking a housing loan from a bank.
  1. (a) Meaning of credit (1)
  2. (b) Two examples with lender and borrower named — 1 mark each (2)
3
361. Meaning: renewable resources are replenished by nature over time, while non-renewable resources have a fixed stock on the earth that cannot be replenished. 2. Examples: groundwater (recharged by rain) is renewable; crude oil and minerals are non-renewable. 3. Danger of overuse: a renewable resource is lost only if it is used faster than nature replenishes it, but a non-renewable resource will be exhausted after years of use, whatever care is taken. Also accept: renewable resources can be used sustainably if use stays within the rate of renewal; new reserves of non-renewable resources may be found, but the total stock is still limited.
  1. Meaning: replenished by nature vs. fixed stock (1)
  2. Examples: groundwater vs. crude oil / minerals (1)
  3. Overuse: renewable lost if used faster than recharge; non-renewable gets exhausted (1)
3
37(a) Currency (paper notes and coins) and deposits with banks. (b) The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government, so the rupee is authorised by the government; and Indian law legalises the use of the rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India. Also accept: no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency.
  1. (a) Currency and bank deposits (1)
  2. (b) Issued by RBI on behalf of the government (1); legal tender — cannot be refused in India (1) (2)
3
38(i) Arif’s case. (ii) The loan let him buy raw material in time to meet the order and earn more; his business earned enough to repay the loan with interest and keep a profit, and the bank’s interest rate was reasonable. (iii) Farming is risky: when the crop failed Gita had no income to repay; and the moneylender’s high interest kept her debt growing, so she had to borrow again and fell into a debt trap. Also accept: she had no insurance or support against crop failure; she had no access to cheaper formal credit.
  1. (i) Arif (1)
  2. (ii) Two reasons: credit met working-capital needs in time; earnings exceeded loan plus reasonable interest — 1 mark each (2)
  3. (iii) Two reasons: crop failure / risky activity; high interest of informal credit leading to a debt trap — 1 mark each (2)
5
38 OR(i) State Q; it exceeds State P by ₹225,000 − ₹110,000 = ₹115,000 a year. (ii) State P. Its infant mortality rate is the lowest (9 per 1,000 live births), so mothers and babies get good health care; its literacy rate (97%) and net attendance ratio (95%) are the highest, so most people can read and write and most children stay in school. (iii) State Q should spend more of its income on public health care (primary health centres, care for mothers and infants) to bring down its infant mortality rate of 31; and expand and improve schools so that its literacy rate (62%) and attendance (67%) rise. Also accept: a working public distribution system for nutrition; awareness campaigns on hygiene and vaccination; scholarships to keep older children in school.
  1. (i) State Q, ₹115,000 more than State P (1)
  2. (ii) State P, with two reasons from the table (lowest IMR; highest literacy / attendance) — 1 mark each (2)
  3. (iii) Any two suitable steps, e.g. better public health care, more and better schools, public distribution system — 1 mark each (2)
5