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Class 10 Development: cheat sheet
CBSE Social Science. Different goals of development, per capita income and its limits, infant mortality and literacy, the HDI, public facilities and sustainability.
Key ideas
- People have different, sometimes conflicting, goals of development: more income, but also security, equal treatment, freedom and a clean environment.
- Per capita income is a country’s total income divided by its population; the World Bank uses it to compare countries.
- Average income hides how income is shared and says nothing about health or education.
- The infant mortality rate and the literacy rate show how well people are cared for and taught.
- The UNDP’s Human Development Index compares countries on health, education and income.
- Public facilities like schools, health care and clean water are cheaper and fairer when provided for everyone; Kerala shows their value.
- Development must be sustainable: groundwater is being overused and crude oil will run out.
Remember
| Per capita income | total income ÷ population |
| Infant Mortality Rate | deaths before age one per 1,000 live births |
| Literacy rate | share of people aged 7 and above who can read and write |
| Body Mass Index | weight (kg) ÷ height (m)² |
| HDI | life expectancy, education and income (UNDP) |
Watch out
- Treating average income as the whole story: check health and education too.
- Using IMR per 100: it is per 1,000 live births.
- Calling groundwater non-renewable: it is renewable, but used faster than it refills.
Worked example
Bihar had an IMR of 27 per 1,000 live births (2020) and literacy of 62% (2017–18). (a) At that IMR, how many of 46,000 babies would die before age one? (b) How many of 74,000 people aged 7+ would be literate? (c) Why is income not the only measure of development?
Working: 46,000 ÷ 1,000 × 27; 62% of 74,000
Answer: (a) 1,242 (b) 45,880 (c) Health, education and public services also matter; a state with lower income can do better on them.
Practise Development
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