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Class 11 Emerging Trends: cheat sheet
CBSE Informatics Practices. New technologies built on data and networks: AI, machine learning and NLP, AR and VR, robotics, big data, IoT and smart cities, cloud services, grid computing and blockchains.
Key ideas
- Artificial intelligence lets machines do tasks that need human-like intelligence; machine learning is the part in which systems learn patterns from data, and NLP lets computers understand and produce human language.
- Augmented reality adds computer-made objects to the real view, as through a phone camera; virtual reality replaces the view with a fully computer-made world seen through a headset.
- Robotics builds machines that sense their surroundings, decide and do physical tasks on their own, in factories, medicine, space and disaster zones.
- Big data is too large and fast-growing for ordinary tools; it is described by five Vs: volume, velocity, variety, veracity and value.
- In the Internet of Things, everyday devices with sensors exchange data over the internet; a smart city uses such data to run traffic, lights, water and power efficiently.
- Cloud computing rents storage, servers and software over the internet: IaaS gives bare infrastructure, PaaS a platform to build apps on, SaaS a ready program used in a browser.
- Grid computing joins many computers in different places to work on one large task; a blockchain is a shared, decentralised ledger in which every block holds the hash of the block before it.
Remember
| Volume; velocity | how much data; how fast it arrives and must be handled |
| Variety; veracity; value | many formats; how trustworthy it is; the useful insight it gives |
| IaaS | rent virtual servers and storage, then install your own system |
| PaaS | a ready platform and database on which developers build and run apps |
| SaaS | a finished program used through a browser, with nothing to install |
| Sensor readings | per sensor = minutes ÷ interval (1 day = 1,440 minutes); × number of sensors |
| Data per day in KB | readings × bytes per reading ÷ 1024 |
| Block k of 1 to n changed | blocks k to n fail the hash check: n − k + 1 blocks |
| Grid computing | tasks per computer = total tasks ÷ computers; data doubling yearly: 5 GB → 5 × 2³ = 40 GB in 3 years |
Watch out
- Counting only the changed block in a blockchain: every later block fails the check too.
- Confusing AR and VR: AR keeps the real world in view; VR shuts it out.
- Mixing up PaaS and SaaS: developers build on PaaS; users simply use SaaS.
- Forgetting to turn hours into minutes, or bytes into KB (÷ 1024), in sensor-data sums.
Worked example
34 weather sensors each send a 128-byte reading every 15 minutes. How many KB of data do they send in a day?
Working: 96 readings × 128 bytes × 34 = 417,792 bytes; ÷ 1024
Answer: 408 KB
Practise Emerging Trends
Revise with this page, then practise: every Emerging Trends sheet in the app is new, with an answer key and working.
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