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Class 11 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues: cheat sheet
CBSE Social Science. Who counts as a worker, the worker-population ratio, self-employed, regular and casual workers, the workforce by sector, formal and informal work, and kinds of unemployment.
Key ideas
- A worker is anyone engaged in an economic activity that adds to GNP, paid or self-employed.
- By status, workers are self-employed, regular salaried employees or casual wage labourers; casual workers are the most vulnerable.
- Most workers are in the primary sector, though its share has fallen as industry and services grew.
- The formal sector has public establishments and private ones with 10 or more hired workers; the rest is the informal sector with little protection.
- Unemployment can be open (no work at all), disguised (more people on a job than needed) or seasonal (no work between farm seasons).
- Jobless growth is output rising without matching jobs; casualisation is the shift towards casual wage work.
- MGNREGA (2005) promises up to 100 days of wage work a year to rural households.
Remember
| Worker-population ratio | workers ÷ population × 100 |
| Workers from the ratio | population × ratio ÷ 100 |
| Disguisedly unemployed | people working − people needed |
| MGNREGA earnings | days worked × daily wage (up to 100 days) |
| Workforce by sector, 2023–24 | primary 46.1%, secondary 24.1%, services 29.8% (primary 74.3% in 1972–73) |
| Worker-population ratio, 2023–24 | men 56.4, women 30.7, all 43.7 |
Watch out
- Calling a farmer on his own land a casual labourer (he is self-employed).
- Mixing up disguised unemployment (too many on a job) and seasonal unemployment (no work between seasons).
- Putting a private firm with fewer than 10 hired workers in the formal sector.
Worked example
In 2023–24 India’s workforce was 46.1% in the primary sector, 24.1% in the secondary sector and 29.8% in services. Suppose a state has 450,000 workers in the same shares. (a) How many work in each sector? (b) Which sector employs the most? (c) In 1972–73 the primary share was 74.3%: how many points has it fallen?
Working: 46.1%, 24.1% and 29.8% of 450,000; 74.3 − 46.1
Answer: (a) primary sector 207,450, secondary sector 108,450, service sector 134,100 (b) the primary sector (c) 28.2 points
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