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Class 12 India’s International Trade: cheat sheet
CBSE Social Science. India’s exports, imports and trade balance from the chapter’s tables, and its major ports on the west and east coasts with their features and hinterlands.
Key ideas
- India’s trade has grown hugely in volume and value, but imports have stayed higher than exports.
- Manufactured goods make up most exports; petroleum, oil and lubricants are the largest import.
- A harbour is sheltered water where ships anchor; a port has docks to load, unload and store cargo; the hinterland is the area a port serves.
- West coast ports: Kandla (petroleum, fertiliser), Mumbai (biggest natural harbour), Nhava Sheva (containers), Mormugao and New Mangalore (iron ore), Kochi.
- East coast ports: Kolkata and Haldia on the Hugli, Paradwip (deepest), Visakhapatnam (land-locked harbour), Chennai (artificial, 1859), Ennore and Tuticorin.
- Satellite ports such as Nhava Sheva, Haldia and Ennore relieve crowded main ports.
Remember
| Trade deficit | imports − exports |
| Change between years | later value − earlier value |
| Exports 2021–22 | manufactured goods 67.8%; crude and petroleum products 16.4%; agriculture 11.9%; ores 2.0% |
| Largest import (2021–22) | petroleum, oil and lubricants |
| Ports | 12 major ports; Kolkata 128 km up the Hugli; Haldia 105 km downstream of it |
Watch out
- Subtracting imports from exports and calling a negative result a surplus.
- Calling Visakhapatnam an artificial harbour (that is Chennai; Visakhapatnam is land-locked).
- Putting Paradwip or Haldia on the west coast.
Worked example
From the chapter’s table (₹ crore), exports and imports were 1,905,011 and 2,715,434 in 2013–14, and 1,852,340 and 2,577,422 in 2016–17. (a) Find the trade deficit each year. (b) How did imports change between the two years? (c) Give two reasons why India’s imports exceed its exports.
Working: imports − exports; later − earlier
Answer: (a) ₹810,423 crore and ₹725,082 crore (b) fell by ₹138,012 crore (c) large imports of petroleum, and of metals, chemicals, gems and edible oils for growing industry and consumption
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