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Class 12 Mineral and Energy Resources: cheat sheet
CBSE Social Science. India’s mineral belts and the main metallic minerals, coal, petroleum and natural gas, nuclear power, and non-conventional energy, with ways to conserve resources.
Key ideas
- Minerals are unevenly spread, exhaustible, and good-quality ones are scarcer than poor ones.
- Most metallic minerals lie in the old crystalline rocks of the peninsular plateau, mostly east of a line from Mangaluru to Kanpur.
- The main belts are the north-eastern plateau, the south-western plateau, the north-western region and the Himalayan belt.
- Ferrous minerals (iron ore, manganese, chromite) contain iron; non-ferrous ones (copper, bauxite) do not; mica and limestone are non-metallic.
- Most coal is Gondwana coal in the Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari valleys; petroleum is found in Assam, Gujarat and offshore Mumbai High.
- Refineries are field-based (near oilfields, like Digboi) or market-based (near consumers, like Barauni).
- Non-conventional energy (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, bio-energy) is renewable and cleaner; recycling and substitutes help conserve minerals.
Remember
| Coal | over 97% of reserves in the Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari valleys; about 80% bituminous non-coking; Jharia the largest field |
| Share of a total | per cent × total ÷ 100 |
| Mumbai High | about 160 km offshore; found in 1973; trip time = distance ÷ speed |
| Nuclear plants | Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kaiga, Kakrapar |
| Mineral places | iron ore: Noamundi, Bailadila, Kudremukh; bauxite: Kalahandi; mica: Nellore; lignite: Neyveli |
| Other energy | geothermal plant at Manikaran; monazite (thorium) in Kerala |
Watch out
- Calling bauxite or copper a ferrous mineral.
- Mixing up field-based (Digboi) and market-based (Barauni) refineries.
- Counting coal or natural gas as non-conventional energy.
Worked example
Suppose a state’s power capacity of 9,000 MW is 65% coal-based, 20% hydel and the rest wind and solar. (a) How many MW come from each? (b) Which of these are non-conventional? (c) Give one advantage of non-conventional energy.
Working: 65%, 20% and 15% of 9,000
Answer: (a) coal 5,850, hydel 1,800, wind and solar 1,350 MW (b) wind and solar (c) renewable and pollution free (or more evenly spread)
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