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Class 12 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context: cheat sheet
CBSE Social Science. Sectoral and regional planning, target area programmes for hill and drought-prone areas, the Bharmaur tribal region, sustainable development and the Indira Gandhi Canal command area.
Key ideas
- Sectoral planning develops sectors such as agriculture, industry and power; regional planning reduces imbalances between areas.
- Target area programmes include command area, drought-prone area, desert and hill area development; target group programmes help small and marginal farmers.
- Bharmaur, in Chamba district, is a high, cold region where people traditionally herded sheep and goats with transhumance; area development brought roads, schools, health care and higher literacy.
- Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations; the idea spread through the Brundtland Report of 1987.
- The Indira Gandhi Canal, from the Harike barrage, irrigates the Thar desert; it raised the cultivated area and changed crops, but intensive irrigation caused waterlogging and salinity.
- Sustainability measures include strict water management, avoiding water-intensive crops, lining channels, warabandi and shelterbelts.
Remember
| Per cent irrigated | irrigated area ÷ net sown area × 100 (in 1972, under 30% meant drought-prone) |
| Backward hill areas (1981) | above 600 m |
| Indira Gandhi Canal | 9,060 km planned; command area 19.63 lakh ha (Stage I 5.53, Stage II 14.10); about 70% by flow |
| Lift irrigation | command area × (100 − flow %) ÷ 100 |
| Annual range | July − January (Bharmaur about 4 °C and 26 °C) |
| Warabandi | equal sharing of canal water in an outlet’s command area |
Watch out
- Mixing up sectoral planning (sectors) and regional planning (areas).
- Treating an area with more than 30% irrigation as drought-prone under the 1972 test.
- Forgetting the downside of canal irrigation: waterlogging and soil salinity.
Worked example
Suppose a canal’s Stage I command area is 560 thousand ha and Stage II 1,620 thousand ha. What is the total, and how much larger is Stage II? (Indira Gandhi Canal: 5.53 and 14.10 lakh ha.)
Working: 560 + 1,620; 1,620 − 560
Answer: 2,180 thousand ha; 1,060 thousand ha larger
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