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Class 12 Secondary Activities: cheat sheet
CBSE Social Science. Manufacturing: how it adds value, what decides where industries locate, footloose and high-tech industries, and how industries are classified.
Key ideas
- Secondary activities add value by turning raw materials into more useful products, such as cotton into cloth.
- Industries locate by market, raw material, labour, power, transport, government policy and agglomeration economies.
- Industries using bulky, weight-losing raw materials (steel, cement) locate near them; aluminium locates near cheap power; perishable raw materials need nearby processing.
- Footloose industries are not tied to a raw material and locate by road access.
- Modern manufacturing uses mass production, mechanisation and automation; high-tech industries cluster in technopoles such as Silicon Valley.
- By size: household (cottage), small-scale and large-scale; by raw material: agro, mineral, chemical, forest and animal based; by product: basic and consumer goods; by ownership: public, private and joint sector.
Remember
| Metal in ore | ore × per cent metal ÷ 100 |
| Ore needed | metal wanted × 100 ÷ per cent metal |
| Value after manufacture | raw value × (100 + value added %) ÷ 100 |
| Value added at a step | value after − value before |
| Saving by mass production | number × (craft price − factory price) |
| Basic or consumer? | iron and steel, machine tools: basic; bread, soap, TV sets: consumer |
Watch out
- Placing a steel plant near the market when its ore is weight-losing (it goes near the ore and coal).
- Calling footloose industries heavy polluters tied to one raw material.
- Confusing basic industries with cottage industries.
Worked example
Suppose raw cotton worth ₹4,300 becomes yarn worth ₹4,800, and the yarn becomes cloth worth ₹7,600. How much value is added at each step, and in all?
Working: ₹4,800 − ₹4,300; ₹7,600 − ₹4,800
Answer: ₹500 as yarn, ₹2,800 as cloth; ₹3,300 in all
Practise Secondary Activities
Revise with this page, then practise: every Secondary Activities sheet in the app is new, with an answer key and working.
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