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Class 12 Self and Personality: cheat sheet
CBSE Psychology. Self-esteem, self-efficacy and self-regulation, the type and trait approaches, the Big Five, Freud and the post-Freudians, the humanistic view, and how personality is assessed.
Key ideas
- Personal identity sets a person apart from others; social identity links them to groups.
- Self-esteem is how worthy a person judges themselves; self-efficacy (Bandura) is the belief that one can do what a situation demands.
- Self-regulation includes self-control, the ability to delay gratification, helped by self-observation, self-instruction and self-reinforcement.
- Personality is the set of relatively stable characteristics that make a person unique across situations and time.
- Type approaches sort people into groups; trait approaches describe them on enduring qualities, summed up in the Big Five.
- Freud saw personality as id, ego and superego, with defence mechanisms that reduce anxiety; post-Freudians stressed social and cultural factors.
- Rogers held that well-being comes from congruence between the real and ideal self, helped by unconditional positive regard.
Remember
| Big Five (Costa and McCrae) | openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism versus emotional stability |
| Freud’s structures | id – pleasure principle; ego – reality principle; superego – conscience |
| Types | Sheldon: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph; Jung: introvert, extravert; Type-A (hurried) vs Type-B (relaxed) |
| Traits | Allport: cardinal, central, secondary; Cattell: 16 source traits; Eysenck: two dimensions |
| Defence mechanisms | repression, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, denial |
| Projective tests | Rorschach: 10 inkblots; TAT: 30 picture cards and 1 blank card |
Watch out
- Mixing up self-esteem (how worthy you feel) and self-efficacy (believing you can do a task).
- Giving the ego the pleasure principle: the id seeks pleasure, the ego works on reality.
- Calling the Big Five a typology: they are trait dimensions, and everyone has some of each.
Worked example
Suppose a psychologist uses 15 TAT picture cards with one person, allowing about 5 minutes for each story. How long will the test take, and how many of the TAT’s 30 picture cards are left unused?
Working: 15 × 5; 30 − 15
Answer: 75 minutes; 15 cards
Practise Self and Personality
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